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How to Read a Paycheck / Understand Withholding

Not sure where your money goes every payday? This guide helps you break down your pay stub, understand taxes and deductions, and make sure you’re getting the right amount withheld—so there are no surprises at tax time.

Employer handing first paycheck to employee
i Did you know? The average American sees about 20–25% of their paycheck go to taxes and deductions—sometimes more, depending on where they live.
✔ Reviewed by Money Fit Team Updated July 2025
Quick Facts About Reading Your Paycheck
  • Federal, state, and sometimes local taxes are withheld automatically from most paychecks in the U.S.
  • Your pay stub shows both your gross (before deductions) and net (take-home) pay each period.
  • Withholding too little can lead to a tax bill; withholding too much means you’re giving the IRS an interest-free loan until you get a refund.
  • Social Security and Medicare taxes (FICA) are separate from federal and state income tax withholding.
  • You can adjust your tax withholding at any time by submitting a new W-4 form to your employer.

How to Read a Paycheck: Step-by-Step

  1. Find Your Gross Pay
    Look for your total earnings before any taxes or deductions—this is usually listed at the top of your pay stub.
  2. Identify Federal Income Tax Withheld
    This amount is withheld based on your W-4 form and sent directly to the IRS.
  3. Check State and Local Taxes
    If you live in a state or city with income taxes, your pay stub will show how much is withheld each pay period.
  4. Review FICA Deductions
    Social Security and Medicare taxes are listed separately—these are mandatory for most employees.
  5. Look for Other Deductions
    These may include health insurance, retirement contributions, union dues, or wage garnishments.
  6. Find Your Net Pay
    This is your “take-home” amount after all taxes and deductions—what actually gets deposited or paid to you.
  7. Check Year-to-Date (YTD) Totals
    Your pay stub will show running totals for income, taxes, and deductions since the start of the year.
  8. Compare Withholding to Your Tax Needs
    If you got a big tax bill or refund last year, consider adjusting your W-4 to better match what you owe or get back next year.

Pro Tips & Common Mistakes to Avoid

  • Don’t ignore your pay stub: Regularly reviewing it can catch mistakes or fraud before they become bigger problems.
  • Update your W-4 after life changes: Marriage, divorce, new dependents, or side jobs can all affect your tax situation.
  • Don’t assume your employer got it right: Payroll errors happen—double-check your personal info and tax withholding amounts.
  • Keep copies for your records: Pay stubs are essential for tax prep, loan applications, and dispute resolution.
  • Use a paycheck calculator if you’re unsure: Online calculators can estimate your take-home pay and withholding so there are no surprises at tax time.

Pro Tips & Common Mistakes to Avoid

  • File early if you can: Filing early helps you avoid last-minute stress and gives you time to fix any problems.
  • Double-check your numbers: Transposed digits, wrong Social Security numbers, or bank account errors can delay refunds.
  • Don’t forget to sign: An unsigned return (even electronic) is considered incomplete and won’t be processed.
  • Use free filing tools if you qualify: Many filers are eligible for IRS Free File or local free tax help programs—don’t pay unless you must.
  • Watch for scams: The IRS never calls, emails, or texts to demand payment or personal info. Ignore suspicious messages.

How Maya Fixed Her Paycheck Withholding

Maya, a 25-year-old first-year teacher, was excited to get her first paycheck—but confused by all the deductions. She noticed her take-home pay was much less than expected.

After reviewing her pay stub, Maya realized federal and state taxes, retirement contributions, and health insurance premiums were all deducted. She also spotted an error: her state tax withholding was set for “single” even though she was recently married.

Maya submitted a new W-4 form to update her withholding status, which increased her take-home pay and helped her avoid a big tax refund or bill next year. Now she checks her pay stub every month for changes.

The result? Maya fixed her withholding, learned how her paycheck works, and feels more confident about her finances.

Frequently Asked Questions

Why is my paycheck smaller than my salary?
Taxes, Social Security, Medicare, and other deductions (like health insurance and retirement) are withheld automatically—reducing your take-home pay.
What do all the abbreviations on my pay stub mean?
Common codes include “FWT” (federal withholding tax), “SWT” (state withholding), “FICA” (Social Security/Medicare), and “YTD” (year-to-date). Ask HR for a full list if you’re unsure.
How do I change how much tax is withheld?
Submit a new W-4 form to your employer. You can adjust your withholding at any time if your financial situation changes.
What if I think there’s a mistake on my pay stub?
Contact your employer’s payroll or HR department right away. Mistakes caught early are usually easy to fix.
Do I need to keep my pay stubs?
Yes—pay stubs help with tax filing, loan applications, or resolving disputes about pay or deductions.
How do I estimate my take-home pay?
Use a paycheck calculator (like Money Fit’s calculators) to estimate net pay after taxes and deductions.

Questions About Your Paycheck or Withholding?

Our nonprofit counselors can help you understand your pay stub, answer basic tax questions, or point you toward trusted resources if you need more in-depth help. There’s no pressure or sales—just honest support.

Talk to a Counselor
Prefer to call? Reach us at (800) 432-0310
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About the Author

Rick Munster is a personal finance expert and author with over 23 years of experience in the credit counseling industry. He currently serves on the board of directors for the Financial Counseling Association of America and has published more than 250 articles on personal finance. Over the course of his long-standing career at Money Fit, a nonprofit credit counseling organization, Rick’s insights have been featured by several news outlets on topics such as credit counseling, debt management, and financial education.

Read Rick’s full profile

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6213 N. Cloverdale Rd, Suite 130, Boise, ID 83713
Money Fit is a nationwide nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization. We do not lend money.

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Client Credit Report Authorization

You hereby authorize and instruct Debt Reduction Services, Inc. (DRS, dba Money Fit by DRS) and/or its assigned agents to:
  • Obtain and review your credit report, and
  • Request verifications of your income and rental history, and any other information deemed necessary for improving your housing situation (for example, verifying your annual property tax obligations and homeowner’s insurance fees)
Your credit report will be obtained from a credit reporting agency chosen by DRS. You understand and agree that DRS intends to use the credit report evaluate your financial readiness to purchase or rent a home and/or to engage in post-purchase counseling activities and not to grant credit. You understand you may ask any questions pertaining to your credit report. However, while DRS will review the information with you, the company is not able to furnish you with a copy of your credit profile. You hereby authorize DRS to share your information from your credit report and any information that you provided (including any computations and assessments produced) with the entities listed below to help DRS determine your viable financial options.
  • Banks
  • Counseling Agencies
  • Debt Collectors
  • Landlords
  • Lenders
  • Mortgage Servicers
  • Property Management Companies
  • Public Housing Authorities
  • Social Service Agencies
Entities such as mortgage lenders and/or counseling agencies may contact your DRS counselor to evaluate the options for which you may be eligible. In connection with such evaluation, you authorize the credit reporting and/or financial agencies to release information and cooperate with your DRS counselor. No information will be discussed about you with entities not directly involved in your efforts to improve your housing situation. You hereby authorize the release of your information to program monitoring organizations of DRS, including but not limited to, Federal, State, and nonprofit partners for program review, monitoring, auditing, research, and/or oversight purposes. In addition, you authorize DRS to have your credit report pulled two additional times to conduct program evaluations. You also agree to keep DRS informed of any changes in address, telephone number, job status, marital status, or other conditions which may affect your eligibility for a program you have applied for or a counseling service that you are seeking. Finally, you understand that you may revoke consent to these disclosures by notifying DRS in writing.

Client Privacy, Data Security, and Client Rights Policy

NOTE: This sheet is to inform new or returning clients about our services, records, fees, and limitations that may affect you as a consumer of our services. This form also discloses how we might release your information to other agencies and/or regulators. If you do not understand a statement, please ask a Debt Reduction Services (DRS) counselor for assistance.

Debt Reduction Services, Inc. (DRS) has put into place policies and procedures to protect the security and confidentiality of your nonpublic personal information. This notice explains our online information practices and how we use and maintain your information to conduct our financial education and credit counseling sessions and to fulfill information and question requests. This privacy policy complies with federal laws and regulations.

To provide our financial education and credit counseling services, we collect nonpublic personal information about you as follows: 1) Information we receive from you, 2) Information about your transactions with us or others, and 3) Information we receive from your creditors or a consumer reporting agency. We do not share this information with outside parties.

We use non-identifying and aggregate information to better design our website and services, but we do not disclose anything that could be used to identify you as an individual.

You hereby authorize DRS, when necessary, to share your nonpublic personal, financial, credit, and any information that you provided (including any computations and assessments produced) with the following entities in order to help DRS provide you with appropriate counseling or guide you to appropriate services: third parties such as government agencies, your lender(s), your creditor(s), and nonprofit housing-related and other financial agencies as permitted by law, including the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.

To prevent unauthorized access, maintain data accuracy, and ensure the correct use of information, we have put in place appropriate physical, electronic, and managerial procedures to safeguard and secure the information we collect online. We limit access to your nonpublic personal information to our employees, contractors and agents who need such access to provide products or services to you or for other legitimate business purposes.

Debt Reduction Services, Inc. complies with the privacy requirements set forth in the HUD housing counseling agency handbook 7610.1 (05/2010), including the sections 2-2 Mc, 3-1 H(2), 3-3, 5-3 F, and Attachment A.5. At all times, we will comply with all additional laws and regulations to which we are subject regarding the collection, use, and disclosure of individually identifiable information.

  1. Services: DRS provides the following housing-related services: counseling that includes Homeless Assistance, Rental Topics, Pre-purchase/Homebuying, and Home Maintenance and Financial Management for Homeowners (Non-Delinquency Post-Purchase); Education courses that include Financial literacy (including home affordability, budgeting, and understanding use of credit), Predatory lending, loan scam or other fraud prevention, Fair housing, Rental topics, Pre-purchase homebuyer education, Non-delinquency post-purchase workshop (including home maintenance and/or financial management for homeowners), and other workshops not listed above.

Please refer to DebtReductionServices.org for details of our services.

  1. Limits: Our services are limited to our normal weekday business hours. We do not provide individual counseling or education services after hours or on weekends, although our education courses are available 24/7.
  2. Fees: We do not charge fees for our financial management counseling and education. However, if you use them, you may have to pay for our Debt Management Program, Student Loan Counseling, Bankruptcy Certificate Services or certain financial education courses (homebuyer education, rental topics, fair housing, predatory lending, and post-purchase-non-delinquency including home maintenance and/or financial management for homeowners).
  3. Records: We maintain records of the services you receive, including notes about your progress or other relevant information to your work with us. You have the right to access and view your records by making a request to your counselor.
  4. Confidentiality: We respect your privacy and offer our services in confidence with the understanding that we may share such information with auditors and government regulators. Certain laws or situations may also lead to disclosing confidential issues, such as those involving potential child abuse or neglect, threats to harm self or others, or court subpoenas.
  5. Refusal of Services: You have the right to refuse services without any penalty or loss.
  6. Disclosure of Policies and Practices: You will be provided our agency disclosure statement.
  7. Sharing of Information: Sometimes we will need to contact other agencies or we may need to share your information, including your records, with other agencies or with regulators. We will do this only if you sign this form that gives us permission except for limited reasons; please see # 5 above for examples of such situations.
  8. Other: You have the right to be treated with respect by our staff, and we expect the same from you in return. We encourage you to always ask questions if something is not clear. We also encouraged you to express your thoughts and advocate throughout our services.

You acknowledge that this authorization will remain in effect for the duration of time that DRS serves as your housing counselor or financial education provider. You also acknowledge that should you wish to terminate this authorization, you will notify DRS in writing.

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Disclosure  Statement

NOTE: If you have an impairment, disability, language barrier, or otherwise require an alternative means of completing this form or accessing information about our counseling services, please communicate with your DRS representative about arranging alternative accommodations.

Program Disclosure Form

Disclosure to Client for HUD Housing Counseling Services

Debt Reduction Services, Inc. and its financial education arm, Money Fit by DRS, offer the following housing counseling and educational services related to housing, personal finance, and bankruptcy certificates to consumers:
  • Housing Education Courses: DRS offers many online self-guided education programs classified as Financial, Budgeting, and Credit Workshops (FBC), Fair Housing Pre-Purchase Education Workshops (FHW), Homelessness Prevention Workshops (HMW), Non-Delinquency Post Purchase Workshops (NDW), Predatory Lending Education Workshops (PLW), Pre-purchase Homebuyer Education Workshops (PPW), and Rental Housing Workshops (RHW). These courses help participants increase their knowledge of and skills in personal finance, including home affordability, budgeting, and understanding the use of credit, as well as predatory lending, loan scams, and other fraud prevention topics, fair housing, rental topics, pre-purchase homebuyer education, non-delinquency post-purchase topics including home maintenance and/or financial management for homeowners, homeless prevention workshop, and other workshops not listed above relating to personal finance and housing. Course details are found below under “Housing Workshops.”
  • Home Equity Conversation Mortgage (HECM) Counseling (RMC): Via telephone and virtual platforms, we offer the required HECM counseling nationwide in addition to in-person counseling in Boise, Idaho. We also offer in-home counseling options in thirty counties across southern Idaho for an additional fee to cover our travel and additional staff time costs.
  • Home Maintenance and Financial Management for Homeowners (Non-Delinquency Post-Purchase) (FBC): Clients receive counseling and materials on the proper maintenance of their home and mortgage refinancing. Clients can find help and resources by phone, in our Boise office, or virtually on all topics related to stabilizing their long-term homeownership.
  • Services for Homeless Counseling (HMC): Clients receive phone, virtual, or in-person (Boise) counseling to evaluate their current housing needs, identify barriers to and goals for housing stability, establish a path to self-sufficiency, and connect with emergency shelters, income-appropriate housing, and/or other community resources (e.g. mental healthcare, job training, transportation, etc.).
  • Pre-Purchase Counseling (PPC): Clients receive counseling through the entire homebuying process. Assistance may involve creating a sustainable household budget, understanding mortgage options, building their credit rating, and putting together a realistic action plan to set and achieve homeownership goals.  Additionally, clients will receive materials and resources about home inspections and other homeownership topics relevant to successfully maintaining a home.
  • Rental Housing Counseling (RHC): Via phone, in-person appointments (Boise, ID), or virtual platforms, clients receive housing counseling relevant to renting, including rent subsidies from HUD or other government and assistance programs. Topics can also address issues and concerns having to do with fair housing, landlord and tenant laws, lease terms, rent delinquency, household budgeting, and finding alternate housing.
DRS also offers the following services:
  • A Debt Management Program (DMP) for consumers struggling to pay their credit cards, collections, medical debts, personal loans, old utility bills, and past-due cell phone accounts;
  • The Budget Briefing and Debtor Education Certificates that are required during the Bankruptcy filing process;
  • A Student Loan Repayment Plan Counseling and application service.

Relationships with Industry Partners

Through such services, DRS has established financial relationships with hundreds of banks, credit unions, and creditors such as American Express, Bank of America, Barclays, Capital One, Chase, Citibank, Credit One, Discover, Synchrony, US Bank, USAA, Wells Fargo, and others.

No Client Obligation

The client is not obligated to receive, purchase or utilize any other services offered by DRS or its exclusive partners to receive financial education or housing counseling services. Alternatives: As a condition of our counseling services, in alignment with meeting our client services goals, and in compliance with HUD’s Housing Counseling Program requirements, we may provide information on alternative services, programs, and products available to you, if applicable and known by our staff. Alternative DMP services include negotiating better repayment terms directly with your individual creditors, paying your debts as agreed, or, in extreme cases, filing for personal bankruptcy. Alternative credit and education services can be found through MyMoney.gov or the Jump$tart Clearinghouse of online financial education resources. Housing counseling alternatives can be found through HUD at www.hud.gov/findacounselor.
Finally, you understand that you may revoke consent to these disclosures by notifying DRS in writing.
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Housing Counseling and Education Fee Schedule

 

Online Education Program Fees*

Homebuyer Education Course: $59 per participant

  • Self-paced course available here, our online housing counseling and education center. Certificates will be automatically generated upon completion of the course (approximately 6-8 hours)

Rental, Fair Housing, Predatory Lending / HOEPA, Post-Purchase (Non-delinquency post-purchase workshop, including home maintenance and/or financial management for homeowners) Online Workshops: $49 per participant

  • Approximately 1 hour each

Other Self-Guided Financial Literacy Webinars (e.g. credit, budgeting, homeless prevention, debt prevention): $0

One-on-one Counseling Fees*

Pre-purchase Homebuying Counseling, Rental Counseling, Post-purchase Ownership Maintenance and Financial Management: $75

  • Session by the hour

Reverse Mortgage/HECM Counseling with Required Certificate:

  • $200†

Credit Report Fee: Paid Directly by Client

*Fees for all but our online education courses and workshops can be paid online by debit card, credit card, or PayPal or in person by cash, check or money order to: “Debt Reduction Services, Inc.” Registration fees are non-refundable 24 hours or less before the start of an in-person course or workshop. Certificates are non-transferable

*Fees may be waived for households with income of 150% or less of that identified on the US Department of Health and Human Services Poverty Guidelines Page

†Home visit counseling is available in 30 southern Idaho counties for potential HECM borrowers at additional costs to cover our travel (IRS reimbursement rates apply) and staff time ($50 per hour or fraction there).

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Housing Counseling and Education Fee Schedule  

Online EDUCATION Program Fees* 

eHome Homebuyer Education Course: $99 per household** 

  • Self-paced course available here, our online housing counseling and education center. Certificates will be automatically generated upon completion of the course (approximately 6-8 hours) 

Online Workshops: $49 per participant 

  • Rental, Fair Housing, Predatory Lending Post-Purchase, HECM Family Member  
  • Approximately 1 hour each 

Other Self-Guided Financial Literacy Webinars: $0 

  • Credit, budgeting, homelessness prevention, debt prevention 
  • Approximately 30-60 minutes each 

One-on-one COUNSELING Fees* 

Pre-purchase Home Buying, Renter Issues, Homelessness, and Fair Housing: $0  

Post-purchase Ownership and Maintenance, HOEPA or Financial Management $75/hr  

Reverse Mortgage/HECM Counseling with Required Certificate $200 per household†  

Credit Report Fee Paid Directly by Client 

*Fees for all but our online education courses and workshops can be paid online by debit card, credit card, or PayPal or in person by cash, check or money order to: “Debt Reduction Services, Inc.” Registration fees are non-refundable 24 hours or less before the start of an in-person course or workshop. Certificates are non-transferable 

*Fees may be waived for households with income of 150% or less of that identified on the US Department of Health and Human Services Poverty Guidelines Page 

**Household is an individual or a couple  
†Home visit counseling is available in 30 southern Idaho counties for potential HECM borrowers at additional costs to cover our travel (IRS reimbursement rates apply) and staff time ($50 per hour or fraction there)